Competition law is a newcomer to the legal system recently. A sound understANDing of competition policy can provide us with sufficient bases to apply a fundamental AND normative view of the issues of competition law. The difference in SUPERVISION AND REGULATION determines how the market functions AND in order to understAND this difference one must understAND competition policy. Competition policy may be based on governmental support for national production AND industry or on a non-interventional AND regulatory posture. Moreover, SUPERVISION, based on the principle of non-intervention in the market mechanism, is rooted in liberal ideas; however, REGULATION, whether as a rule or an exception, is based on the assertion that the market has been ineffective in attaining its goals. Therefore, the government will resort to interventions to regulate inefficiencies.  This paper aims to analyze Supervisory Authority in Implementing Competitive Policy by employing the description method. In this article the author tries to first delineate competition policy, its related requirements AND imposed deviations to the market. Then, by defining the supervisory entity AND clarifying its distinction from the regulatory institutions, the author considers the characteristics of an appropriate supervisory entity conducting a comparative study of this issue in Iran AND the U.S.A. This form of Competition policy because of its applicable experiences which have been well described by recent scholarship is considered suitable for the native system.

The holder of a bill of lading hardly ever has the chance AND right to see the referred charterparties' terms AND conditions. On the one hAND, binding the holder of the bill of lading to the terms AND conditions which he is not aware of seems unjust AND therefore the incorporated clauses might be deemed invalid. On the other hAND, dependency of the validity of the contract to the parties' awareness of their rights AND obligation endangers commercial certainty. While in some legal systems such as United States of America AND France, a general reference is capable of incorporating all of the charterparties' terms AND conditions into bill of lading, according to English law an specific reference is required to incorporate ancillary clauses such as jurisdiction clause. Studying sources of Iran's law it could be concluded that the Iranian courts' probable solution should be very similar to the English law's approach.

The nature of insurance activities with regard to engaging with the interests of stakeholders requires that SUPERVISION AND REGULATION be tailored to the performance of the insurance industry in the direction of insurance REGULATION. . For this purpose, the existence of an effective monitoring AND regulating system is a prerequisite for this process. Since the regulatory AND regulating system in Iran's insurance industry is considered a new one Certainly, studying the legal system of other countries can be of great help in insurance. In the United States, state insurance is provided, AND the federal government has only a supervisory role. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, Central Insurance Agency of Iran through the General Assembly AND the Supreme Insurance Board is responsible for regulating insurance AND SUPERVISION is also carried out through the Supreme Insurance Board. In this paper, the differences between supervisory AND regulating instruments in the United States of America with the Islamic Republic of Iran are examined AND approaches are being proposed for the Iranian insurance industry.

he study of pension funds in Iran shows that currently, these funds face deficit AND liquidity gap due to different reasons. The challenge of the imbalance between resources AND consumptions in pension funds AND its negative consequences, especially the funds deficit AND consequently the increased commitments of the government in this area, have made it inevitable to implement reforms in these funds. But the main question is that why these reforms have not become operational in spite of the perception of the crisis of pension funds by different actors in this area? Accordingly, AND considering the complex AND multidimensional nature of retirement, in order to modify the REGULATION structure in these funds, it is required to identify AND explain the key factors affecting this structure modification AND the way in which they affect this structure. Using thematic analysis method (TA) AND interpretive-structural modeling (ISM), the key factors affecting the modification of REGULATION pattern of pension funds were identified in this study, AND by obtaining the themes network, the relationship model between effective factors was extracted at 6 levels, AND finally, MICMAC method was used to measure the power of the influence AND dependence of factors. Results from this study show that it is required to delegate the responsibility for management of intergenerational affairs in the field of retirement to an independent meta-power pension supervisor.

The nature of regulatory governance necessitates the delegation of regulatory authority over a market or a specific issue to a technical, sectoral, AND independent institution. In this regard, the model of optimal REGULATION requires, on the one hAND, a network of diverse oversight mechanisms—parliamentary, judicial, AND administrative—to ensure that the regulatory body does not deviate from its intended regulatory objectives. On the other hAND, such oversight must be exercised in a manner that does not undermine the independence AND effectiveness of the regulatory institution. This article, employing a descriptive AND analytical method, seeks to examine how the SUPERVISION of the capital market regulatory system in Iran aligns with the aforementioned model. The findings indicate that although the capital market regulatory system constitutes one of the earliest transitions to regulatory governance in Iran, it has been significantly successful in designing AND developing a comprehensive network of directive, regulatory, review, AND prosecutorial oversight mechanisms. Furthermore, it has managed to establish an acceptable balance between SUPERVISION AND participatory governance on the one hAND, AND the system’s independence AND effectiveness on the other. Nevertheless, several critical shortcomings remain, including: the delegation of supervisory AND ratification authority to the Minister of Economic Affairs AND Finance over all resolutions of the Supreme Council of the Stock Exchange; the lack of oversight over the decisions of the Arbitration Board in capital market disputes; AND the inconsistency in the competent authority for reviewing individual decisions of the Supreme Council AND the Securities AND Exchange Organization despite the unified nature of such decisions. These issues underscore the need for legislative revision AND reform.

The current research was conducted with the aim of the effect of attachment style on emotion REGULATION with the mediating role of identity style. The research method was descriptive AND structural equation analysis. The statistical population of the research was all second year high school students of Kashan city in the academic year of 1400-1401, of which 500 people were selected by rANDom cluster method. Data were collected based on three questionnaires: Gross & Jan (2003) Emotional REGULATION Inventory, Identity Style Scale (6G-ISI) AND Collins AND Reid (1990) Attachment Style Questionnaire. The data are obtained by structural equation modeling AND using Laserl 8.8 AND 26 spss software. analyzed. Based on the results, secure attachment style at a significance level of 0.01, avoidant attachment style at a significance level of 0.05, AND ambivalent attachment style at a significance level of 0.01 directly predicted emotion REGULATION. Among the three attachments, secure attachment style predicted emotion REGULATION at a significant level of 0.01, with the mediation of identity styles. Informational identity style at a significance level of 0.01, confused identity style at a significance level of 0.05 directly predicted emotion REGULATION. Among the three attachments, only the secure attachment style at a significance level of 0.01 had a significant role in predicting the normative identity style. According to the results of this study, emotion REGULATION is one of the most important constructs of educational psychology AND an important factor in determining mental health AND successful performance. It is in education that the factors affecting emotion REGULATION AND its antecedents should be identified. Planning for training AND holding educational workshops in this field in schools is suggested for students.

Prison is a place where individuals are physically, confined AND detained, AND are often deprived of personal liberty. Prisons are contracted to organizations that are part of a country's judicial system AND are used as a punishment by a court order for the commission of a crime in order to enforce the imprisonment. Imprisonment is a substitute for imprisonment, including house AND electronic imprisonment. These two penalties are always accompanied by electronic surveillance. These two are the emerging military, as explicitly referred to in article 62 of the Islamic Penal Code. It always has positive AND negative effects on this type of punishment. Due to its beginnings, it has brought many dissenters AND supporters. But the opposing view does not have the ability to oppose the views of the adversaries, AND this new system is a new transformation to reach the main goals of punishment, which is reformation AND rehabilitation.